I56 THE FORMATION OF NOUNS the same relation to the infinitives in -sen (Gk, i.e.
- <f>ep€i rev, *bheresen) as exists between bhdramdna - and pipzixev.
To some extent they have acquired the character of participles, but the process of adaptation is incomplete. Unlike the parti- ciples in -mdna they are not integrated with any tense stem, and the practice of classifying them with the participles of the s- aorist was more of an emergency measure than a serious attempt at their analysis. In urdhvasand- ‘ erect ’ we find - sand used purely as an adjec- tival suffix. In Pa. rakkhitamdnasana- ' whose mind is guarded ' f a formation of this type is used to provide an adjectival termin- ation for a bahuvrihi compound. Suffixes of the same type are made on the basis of the other compound ^-suffixes : -avdna- in bhfgavana - ‘ shining vdsa- vdna- 4 possessing riches and in the proper names Apnavdna- and Pfthavdna - ; -aydna- in tUrvaydna- 1 victorious ' and H dr ay ana- n. pr. Here belong th e middle participles in - avdfi a -» v - made in the Epic language from tenth class and causative verbs^T cintaydna pdlaydna-, etc. Though not used in the Vedic lan- guage, nor allowed in the Classical, this formation could be an ancient dialectal feature, §12, Various Extensions of the r and n Suffixes The suffix -d is regularly used to make the feminine of the thematic adjectives classified above. In addition it appears in a number of independent formations. In ydsand (once yosdna) 4 woman ' and kanyand 4 girl 1 it appears as an extension of feminine «-stems (yosan- 4 woman Av. kaintn- 4 girl '). The formation k any aid which is also found shows that the fern.
- kanyan- on which kanyand is based was originally an alternat-
ing neuter. There are also words which may be of adjectival type though no corresponding masculine occurs, e.g. dstrd s goad ' (' driver '). In addition there are a number in which -a is simply an extension of old neuter r and n stems, adding nothing to the meaning, e.g, mitra "measure 1 (*mdtar + a). Others are surd 4 intoxicating liquor dhara 4 cutting edge urvdrd 4 cultivated land ' (Av. urvard * crop * : an old rjn neut. of Indo-European is attested by Ir, arbor , nom, acc. pL arbann )„ " vdgurd 4 net tdmisrd 4 darkness Mira r oblation '. The same type is formed on the basis of the n-suffix : tfsna 4 thirst
