THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 151 is attached. On the basis of these formations, and from similar cases like Lat, dexter , Gk. S compos 4 right, being on the right ' there was evolved for this suffix a special comparative meaning, with which it is added as a secondary suffix to adjectives in Indo- Iranian and Greek (rarely elsewhere ; 0. Ir. Ubrither, comp, of lebor 4 long ') : dmatara- 1 rawer cirutara - 4 dearer tavastara- 4 stronger etc. : Gk. wportpos 4 rawer Kov^orepos ‘ lighter etc. The fact that it is not widespread in Indo-European shows that this use of the suffix is comparatively late. There are a few adjectives and nouns of adjectival origin in -trd : air a- 4 eater 4 (for at-trd- from ad-), vrtrd- 4 enemy ; n. of a demon mitrd - 1 friend ; n. of a god putrd- 1 son ’ (cf. Oscan puk- lum 4 pucrum ’, Paelignian puclois, with -kl- <~tl- ; Lat .puer with simpler r- suffix) ; with retracted accent, ddmstra- * fang', tdrutra - 4 victorious vibhrtra - 4 who is carried about (Agni) johutra- ' calling aloud ', ustra- ‘ draught-animal, camel ’ (apparently from vah- with irregular sandhi, cf. Av. vastar - * drought animal ' — vodhar-) ; with vrddhi, jattra- 4 victorious 4 ; with gradation -air a, dmatra- 4 violent ydjatra - ' worthy of wor- ship (vii) With -nd- there are a number of nouns and adjectives, e.g. stend- 4 thief 4 , yajna- ‘ sacrifice ’ (Gk. ayvos ‘ holy, pure ’), ghrnd- 4 heat nagnd- 4 naked usnd- 4 hot 1 ; with radical accent svitna- ‘ w r hite The most common use of the suffix is to make participles from certain verbal roots (about seventy) ; bhinnd - 4 broken bhugna- 4 bent purna 4 full mldnd- 4 withered etc. With the gradation - and there are formed a certain number of agent nouns : karand - 4 active tvarand 4 hastening 4 , krosand- 4 shouting vacand- 1 speaking svapana- 4 sleeping etc, These are distinguished by their accent in the usual way from the corresponding class of neuter action nouns : cf. katana - 4 deed vdcana - 4 word In Germanic and Slavonic this forma- tion makes passive participles (O. Sh nesenu 4 carried Goth, fulgins 4 hidden '). The contrast in accent between kdrana- nt. and karand - masc. is also found in Germanic, where the infini- tive is the equivalent of this neuter type : Goth, filhan 4 to hide fulgins 4 hidden Though the old type of accentuation is preserved frequently in these adjectives (as above), the system was breaking down, and radically accented forms occur, particularly from verbs of the
