150 THE FORMATION OF NOUNS latter type can be deduced from certain derivatives of mar- stems : kavmatha - ‘ workman 1 from *karmrtha- (*karmrt(h)- ‘ work • -fa; aspiration as in kdprth-), likewise narmatha- ' jester * and harmuta ‘ tortoise ’ ( *harmrt-a - ‘ an animal pos- sessing a *harmrt, i.e. ' roof or shell ', cf. harmyd 1 roof '). (v) A few such adjectives are formed from sar-stems : sapsara- ‘ attending on ' {J'sap-), matsard - 4 exhilarating; ex- hilarated. ' (cf. mandasand- from the corresponding san-stem), °rksard- ‘ hurting ; thorn ' (related to arsasdnd - ‘ injuring ’ in the same way as matsard- to mandasand-), samvatsard- 1 year ', dhusara- ' grey ', krsara - ' a confection of sesamum, rice, etc/, krcchrd- 1 painful, difficult' (if for *krpsra-), usra- 'bull' (for *ur$rd-, i.e. *vrsra -sr- alternating with the sun of vfsan -) . (vi) Based on the old neuters in - tar there-are adjectival form- ations in -tar a and -trd. By a secondary development the suffix -tar a has come to be specialised in the formation of comparatives, but there are a few old formations where this is not so, and where the original, more general function of the suffix is apparent. For instance asvatard- ‘ mule ' is an animal which partakes of the nature of a horse (*asvatar nt.) and in the same way Iranian kapautara- 1 pigeon ' (Mod. Pers. kabutar) is a bird characterised by bluish-grey colour (*kapautar nt.). In kdrotard ‘ filter, sieve ' there is a vrddhied formation based on neuter action noun *karotar ' sifting This root most commonly appears with i- extension (Gk. Kpivoj , etc., Ir. crlathar ' sieve ') but a u- extension, as here, is found in Goth, and-hruskan f avaKpivtw Other examples of this type are vatsatard - 1 yearling calf and with retracted accent sanutara- ' clandestine ' (: sanutdr adv.) and divdtara - ' diurnal The adjective antara - ‘ interior ' is derived from ant dr ' inside (Lat. inter, etc.) and this in its turn from IE en ‘ in ' + the neuter suffix - ter . In the same way Skt. pratara - (only in the adv. pratardm), A v. fratara- 1 being in the front ', Gk. 7rp6r€pos ' former ' are derived from pro- through an intermediate *proter * the front ' (adv. *prot£r ). In this way there arises a class of adjectives based on prepositions, such as Skt. avatar a- * lower ' (only in the adv. avatar am), uttar a- ‘ upper Av. nistara- 1 being outside Gk. tt porepo? ‘ former v7T€pr€pos ‘ higher ', etc. These prepositional formations have a comparative meaning ('higher, lower ', etc.) but this does not come from the suffix but from the nature of the base to which it
