THE FORMATION OF NOUNS I49 ‘ cultivator ' (: kdrstvana - * id-'), urjasvala- ‘ strong parisad - ao/a- * having a parisad, king ' f asutivald - 1 priest who presses soma'. A vrddhied formation is seen in bharvard- 4 impetuous ' (cf. bhurvdni - * id.' and Lat. fervor , etc.). These formations often exist side by side with adjectives in -van : isvard- 4 lord ' : Av. i’saan- ; iivard- 4 going ' ; °itvan- ; sthdvara- * standing, stable saslhavan- 4 standing together ' ; ptvara - * fat ' : pivan - ‘ id This relationship is based on old alternating neuters, *l$varjn 4 authority etc. The weak form of the suffix appears in bhdsura - ' shining ', chidurd- 4 tearing ', bhangurd- 1 breaking bhidura- 4 splitting vidurd- 4 wise medurd - ‘ fat ankura- 4 bud, shoot ; swelling tumour 1 (: Gk. oyKvXos 1 swollen, proud'), ksura- ' razor' (Gk, %vpov nt., cf. O. SI. cesati 4 to comb etc.). In the nominalised svdsura- the accent is retracted, as commonly ; the accent of Gk. dfcupos is more original. Beside pdmsura - 1 dusty and madhurd- ‘ sweet ' forms with l appear, pdmsuld-, madhula without it being possible to say which is original. Beside smasrula- 4 bearded ' there is smasruna-. The weak form of the suffix appears as -vr- in tivrd- 4 intense '. (iii) A parallel suffix -ird appears in rudhira - ‘ red ’ (as opposed to simple -ra- suffix in Gk. ipvdpos , etc.), badhird- 1 deaf ' (, J~ba(n)dh - ' to bind, obstruct madird- 1 intoxicating isird- 4 vigorous ' (; Gk. Upos from simple r-stem), sithira- 4 loose rathird- 4 charioteer mtehira- 4 wise ' (with retracted accent), sth-ird - 4 firm sph-ird - ‘ fat rucira - * bright ' ; more rarely -ila, trdild- 4 porous salild 4 flowing nt. ' water ' beside sarira-, sithild - 1 loose ' beside iithird - ; with guna of suffix (like -vara- f vald) samusyald - 4 cohabiting ' ( sam + vas -). (iv) From the neuter suffix -mar there are a few such de- rivatives : admard- 4 gluttonous ' (implying *admar nt. ‘ eat- ing '), ghasmard 4 id srmard- 4 a swift moving animal ' (cf. Gk. oppalvto, denom. vb. from n-stem), pdmara- ‘scabby; miser- able ' (also pdmand- from n-stem), asmard- 4 stony ' (cf. aimdn above, § 6) ; with weak form of suffix dJiumrd- 4 grey ’ ; with l paksmald- 4 having (long) eyelashes 9 (pdksman- nt. ' eyelash '), slesmald - alternating with slesmand- 4 afflicted with phlegm ' (i ilesmdn - masc. * phlegm '), bhimald - ‘ fearful It was observed in dealing with the simple r-neuters that they might either appear with guna (udhar) or by the weak form of the suffix followed by the extension t [ydkrt ). Forms of the
