THE FORMATION OF NOUNS I48 indicated by the existence of derivatives from the w-steirt side by side with these formations in - ra , e.g. beside vipra- 1 inspired ' (with retracted accent), vipanya , etc. cf. also ksiprd- 4 quick ' : ksepnu-, ksipanu - ; grdkrd - 4 greedy ' : grdhnu- 4 id ’ ; dhvasra- 4 dusty ' : dhvasani - 4 sprinkler (a cloud) 1 ; svitrd- 4 white 1 : ivetana 4 dawn etc. The accent is thrown back in only a minority of cases and these are mainly substantivised adjec- tives : sura- 4 strong man, hero ’ (Gk. a Kvpos 1 powerless '), ajra- 4 field ' {J~aj- ; original accent in Gk. ay pa? ; Gk. dyeiptn
- gather, collect ', is formed from a primary neuter *ager, cf. the
type ratharydti), vajra- ' club, thunderbolt ' (‘ smasher, crusher cf. Gk. ayvv/ju) vdpra- ' mound, earthwork * (Av. vajra - 4 snow ’), tumra- 4 humped ', of the Indian bull (cf. Lat. turned , tumor , etc.). In this, the oldest type, the thematic vowel preceding the r is eliminated on account of the following accent. There are also a smaller number of adjectives in which the -a is added without any such reduction ; dravard- 4 running patard- 1 flying nyocara- 4 suitable, agreeable ', dvara- 4 lower ' (: avdr), upara - 4 nearer 1 ; with vrddhi, vdnara- ‘ monkey ' (vanar° 4 forest ’), vdsara- f matutinal ' (vasar° 4 early morning ’). The same type with full vowel before the r appears also in other languages, Av, aSara- 4 lower urmsara- 4 fugitive * (urvaes-), Gk. eAev- Oepos 1 free etc. Such forms must have originated at a time when the accent had ceased to have the effect of reducing un- accented syllables. A parallel series in -Id was formed in Indo-European. In the Vedic language this suffix would also appear as -ra. Instances of -Id occur in Sanskrit, e.g. sukld- 1 white J (also sukrd-), sthula- ' thick ' (also sthurd -), gopald - 4 cowherd but it is never possible to be sure about the origin of l in Sanskrit. (ii) From the base -variur : With strong form of suffix, bhdsvara- 4 brilliant ' (*bhasvar nt. 4 brilliance '), tsvard - 1 lord sakvard- 4 strong adhvard - 4 sacrifice 1 (of adjectival origin from its accent ; cf. adhvdn- 4 way '), sthdvara- 4 stable ' (also sthdvand- showing old alternating neuter), nasvara - ‘ perish- able vyadvara - 4 a gnawing animal ' (: Gk. efSap nt.), nisadvard- 4 mud * ; with /-suffix inserted, ilvard- 4 going srtvara - 4 id jitvara 4 victorious The variant -vala appears in vidvald 4 clever J (cf. Gk. elSvMs 4 id '), palvala - 4 pond ' (cf. Lat. palus 4 marsh J ), and in a number of secondary formations, krsivala-
