THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 147 secondary suffix in exactly the same sense as -vant. Occasion- ally the two suffixes are used after the same word, e.g. agnimdnt- beside agnivant-, but usually one only of the two suffixes is used in connection with each word. There are no absolute rules to say when each suffix will be used, except that - mant is regularly employed after stems in -u, pasumdnt- ' possess- ing cattle etc, (frequently also to avoid repetition of v, yavamant - 'rich in barley', etc.). This rule is interesting because much the same kind of rule is found in Hittite both in the case of suffixes related to this (Inf. arnummar ' to bring Supine wahnumanzi ' to turn (trans.) 1 as opposed to esuwar , asuwanzi from es - r to be etc.) ; and in the 1st person plur, of the verb (arnummeni ‘ we bring ' as opposed to epweni ‘ we hold ’, etc.). The accent of the adjectives in - mant follows the same rules that apply to the formations in - vant . §10, Thematic Adjectival Formations from r- and n- Stems There was an alternative way in Indo-European of making adjectives and agent nouns from the primitive neuter forma- tions, and it was equally commonly used. This was the addition of the accented thematic vowel. These derivatives have the same meaning as those just described, and the two types of formation often exist side by side, e.g. Skt. atrd - ‘ eater ' : attar- 9 id ’ ; Hitt, vestaras 1 herdsman ' : Av. vdstar- ' id ' ; Gk. larpos, IdTrjp ' physician ' ; Gk. £17 rpos ‘ executioner ' : Skt, ydtdr - ‘ avenger, punisher ' (cf, ydtand ' punishment, tor- ment ’ with -n- indicating an old alternating neuter). The accent is normally on the suffix, but it is occasionally transferred to the radical syllable: ddmstra - ' fang The type has prospered, and with the dying out of the bulk of the old neuter types, the suffixes -rd, etc., have come to have the appearance of primary suffixes. Formations of this kind are made on the basis both of the simple neuter suffixes ~(a)r, -{a)n and of the compound suffixes. (i) Examples of formations in -rd are : ugrd- ' powerful ' (: Av. aogar - ' strength’), usra- ' matutinal, shining like dawn ' ( vasar usar- ' dawn '), udra- ' water-animal, otter ’ (Gk. v 8 a>p, etc.), a-vadhra- ' not injuring ’ ( vddhar ' smiting ; weapon ’), ksudrd - ' small ksiprd - ' swift *, vakrd- ' crooked hasrd- 1 laughing etc. An old neuter alternating rjn stem is often
