THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 142 given to eating', etc. In addition this formation has provided in Greek the nom. sg, of active participles of the thematic type (<f>epu )v, An twv, alternating with -ovr- in other cases, as opposed to StSovs, etc.) and in Germanic it forms the basis of an adjec- tival declension. The accent is generally retracted in Sanskrit. It has already been remarked that this is usual in the case of words of adjectival origin which have become completely nominalised (e.g. rajan-). The accent is likewise retracted in the adjectival formations in -van, but here the weak grade of the root shows that this is not original. Examples are fkvan- 4 worshipping, praising ' (: Hitt, arkuwar nt, ‘ prayer '), druhvan- 4 injurious yudhvan - ' fighting subhvan- 1 beautiful stubhvan - ' praising pdtvan- 4 flying 1 (: nt. pdtvan- ‘ flight '), mddvan- * exhilarating, ex- hilarated jdsvan - ' famished Suffixal accentuation appears only in musivdn - ' thief Roots ending in i, u, r take the addi- tional suffix i before this suffix : krtvan- 1 active sutvan- 4 pressing sftvan - ' moving '. That these are based on an old set of neuters with alternating rjn stem is shown by the fem- inine. This is based on the j'-stem of the neuters, e.g. pivari fern. ‘ fat ' is derived directly from the neuter stem which appears in Greek as 77 tap, whereas the masculines are derived from the associated n-stem. Exactly the same distinction between masculine and feminine is found in Greek : rrluyv masc., imlpa fern. 1 fat Similar feminine formations in Sanskrit ar eyajvari ' pious sdrvarl ‘ night °sivan 4 lying ', °ydvar% ' going °ddvan 4 giving ' (e.g. Godavari * cow-giving name of the river). The suffix forms both primary derivatives, as above, and secondary derivatives. Such are rtavan- 4 righteous satydvan- 4 truthful maghavan- ‘ bountiful and svadh&van- 4 powerful A fair proportion of the secondary formations re- tain the adjectival accent : amatlvdn- 4 indigent ardtivdn - ‘ hostile rnavdn- 4 indebted srustlvdn- 4 obedient Their feminine is likewise in -van ( rtavan , etc,), indicating that there existed at one time also secondary neuter formations in varjn of the type *rtdvar 4 righteousness In the case of the suffix -man a number of pairs are found in the Vedic language with varying accent and meaning illustrat- ing the general principle of noun-formation in Indo-European : brahman- : brahman - ; sddman - ' sitting, seat ' : sadmdn- 4 sitter ' ; dhdrman - ' ordinance 1 : dharmdn- 4 ordainer ' ;
