128 THE FORMATION OF NOUNS ► £>>* 1 J variant -th in kdprth - 1 penis This additional t may be com- pared with additional t which in Greek strengthens the alternat- ing w-suffix in these nouns : ovOaros compared with Skt. 4dhnas, etc. We may also compare the fact that final radical -r is avoided and - 1 added in lokakft , etc. A suffix j {<g) is found in dsrk 1 blood ' (nom. sg., stem dsrj-), gen. sg. asnds (; Hitt. elhar , esnas, Toch. ysar, Gk. eap, Lat. assir). Thisg also appears in Lat. san-g-uis ‘ blood ' which like sanies * gore 1 is derived from the w-stem of this word with loss of initial vowel through apophony. Since this type is becoming obsolete we have occasionally de- fective nouns like vadhar ' weapon ' (Av. vadar -) not used out- side nom. acc. sg. The old alternating n-stem appears in the extension vadhand fern. r id Some stems even more obsolescent occur only as the first members of compounds : usar- ( usarbiidh - ‘ waking at dawn '), anar- ( anarvts - * seated on a chariot '), vasar-, (vasarhdn- * smiting in the morning '), vanar- ( vanargu - ' going in the woods cf. the deriv. vanar a- ' monkey ' ; n-stem in vdnan-vat ), sabar- ( sabardhuk : for savar cf: sdvana ‘ milked at the soma-pressing '). The stems mdhar 1 greatness ' and bhuvar 1 abundance ' appear only in liturgical formulas and in the compounds maharloka- and bhuvarloka- > but the instru- mentals of the corresponding n-stems, mahna (cf. Av. mazan- n.) and bhund are common in the Rgveda. The n-stem gdmbhan f depth ' appears only as endingless loc. sg., but a corresponding r-stem *gdmbhar is implied by the extension gambhdra- n. * id.'. Corresponding to Vedic loc. sg. rdjdni r under the direction of ' Avestan has nom. acc. sg. rdzarz ' rule, regulation The instr. ddni implies an old nom. sg. *ddr * gift and from these alter- nating stems the two extensions Gk. Stopov, O. SI. daru and Lat. donum , Skt. danam are derived. These instrumental forms, and also dsnd ‘ with a stone ' ( Av. a^an-) and prend f with affec- tion ' being isolated, have come to function as the instrumentals of the corresponding man- stems. The adverb avdr r down, downwards ' has the same formation as the above neuter nouns, but differs in its accent which corresponds to that in the endingless loc. sg. The same adverbial accent is found in pratdr , etc. below. Such adverbs also re- semble the locatives without ending in that they may optionally add the termination -i : Just as we have aksdni ' in the eye ' beside aksdn , so we have Skt. updri ‘ above ' beside Gk. vrrep 0 * 14 ; *
