102 PHONOLOGY Final r was weakened in much the same way as s. Finally it is represented by visarga (punah), but it is retained when pre- ceded by a and followed by a vowel (punar dgacehati). Else- where it behaves in sandhi exactly like s. It even becomes s before t {punas lam) a development which is certainly analogical rather than phonetic. In the case of uninflected forms with final r preceded by i or u it is impossible to tell from any sandhi context whether the word originally ended in s or r ; thus though we may conclude that the original form of the adverb meaning * outside ' was bahtr because of Pa. Pkt. bahira- * ex- ternal ' (: Skt. bdhya-) derived from it, its form cannot be phonetically determined from Sanskrit itself, and the stem is usually given as bahts . This weakening of final r had no doubt a good deal to do with the abandonment of a large number of the old neuters in r. They were already in decline, but the phonetic weakness of final r no doubt hastened the process (the stem udhas ' udder ' beside tidhar is due to the tendency to con- fuse s and r in final position). VOWELS § 20. Correspondences The correspondences between the vowels of Sanskrit and those of other IE languages may be gathered from the following table, in which the examples are quoted after the presumed IE original vowel ; a : Skt. djra- ' plain Gk. iypos 4 field Lat. ager , Engl. acre ; dpa 4 away, from Gk. a tto, Lat. ab ; dnli 4 opposite, near Gk. avn, Lat. ante 4 before ' ; dniti ‘ breathes ', cf. Gk. avc/xo? ‘ wind Lat. animus ; dyas 4 metal Lat. aes ; nas - 4 nose ' (instr, nasd y etc.), OHG nasa , 0. SI. nosu ; hamsd- 4 goose Gk. Lat. anser, Germ, gans ; yaj- 4 to sacri- fice, worship yajnd - 4 sacrifice Gk. aytoy, ayvoy 4 holy ' ; iad- 4 fall Lat. cadit. e : Skt. bharati 4 bears Gk. pepa, Lat. fert, 0. Ir. berid ; asti 4 is Gk. Ion, Lat. est ; dsva- 4 horse Lat. equus ; sdna- 4 old Lat. senex, 0. Ir. sen ; sddas 4 seat Gk. ISoy ; paiu- 4 domestic animal Lat. pccu> O. Pruss. pecku, Lith. peku$ t Goth, faihu ; mddhu * honey, mead Gk. p.48v, AS. medu ; madhya- 4 middle Lat. medius, Gk. pAoos. o : Skt. dvi~ 4 sheep Gk. oiy, Lat. ovis ; pdti - 4 husband,
