14 participle survive (cf. Paņini's sūtra : bhaṣāyam sada- vasaśruvaḥ). The periphrastic perfect (e.g., gamayām cakāra AV)and the periphrastic future (e.g., anvāgantā ya jñapatir vo atra VS, TS) are in common use. The passive past participle is established as a substitute for the finite verb, and its possessive form is coming into being (asitivant- 'having eaten’ AV ix 6.38 ; v., l. aśitā'vant-). 3. The extended primary derivatives in -anīya (two occurrences only in AV, amantranīya- and upajīvantya-) and in -tavyà (also in two occurrences only in AV, janitavyà- an't himsitavyà-) appear. 4. A large number of secondary derivatives, particularly patronymics, find currency. 5. The pleonastic affix -ka begins to be added to the Bahuvrīhi compounds ending in -1, -ū or -7.
- Thus gomātěkāḥ for the earlier gomātaraḥ.
6. The dative singular feminine is used also for the ablative and the genitive. Thus : alalyāyai jāraḥ, nadyai payaḥ. This has a parallel in Younger Avestan. 7. The perfect tense is used for the remote and the narrative past. This is no doubt an archaism. 8. The importance of the finite verb in the sentence is considerably lowered. The nominal construction is gaining in importance. An extreme development of the nominal sentence is the condensed sūtra style where the finite verb has been practically dispensed with.