13 arya) (gen. sg.), pašva (instr.sg.) and vişnavi (loc.sg.) are no longer in use. The only exception is sakhi-. 8. The secondary demonstrative tya- is going out of use. The āva- forms of the first person dual are established. 9. The root kr- prefers a new conjugation (karoti in place of krņoti). 10. The conjugational variety is reduced to an appreciable extent. The injunctive mood is practically lost. The precative is fully established. There is an abortive attempt of the future tense to develop modal variation (as evidenced in Epic Sanskrit words like karisyatu fut, imp.). Some of the old gerunds and infinitives go out of use. Only -tvā, -ya, -tya (gerunds) and -tum (infinitive) remain. The infinitive in -tum rarely occurs in RV. II. The difference between the Early and the Late Vedic stage is chronological as well as dialectal while the difference between Late Vedic and Early Sanskrit is mostly chronological. The main features of Early Sanskrit are the following: 1. The alternative forms in declension are almost completely eliminated. The conjugational patterns are reduced in number and also simplified. The modal forms of the aorist are almost lost, and those of the perfect are completely lost. The subjunctive is on the way to extinction. Only a few forms of the perfect 2.
